Introduction to Linguistic

Langue, Parole, and Langage

A.   Langue

Langue is a conventional language, the language that has been perfected in accordance spelling, grammar language that follows the standard rules of the language . Furthermore Saussure’s langue is said that the whole habit (word) obtained passively taught in community languages ​​, which allows the speakers to understand each other and produce the elements and public speaker who understood. Langue bound with people's lives naturally. Thus, society is the preserver of langue.

Within the limits of langue ( ie , subject to the rules of language , solidarity , associative and sintagmatif ) on what to say when someone uses a language grammatically . Langue is a kind of code, or a pure value system. Langue is the convention that we receive, ready-made, from - obedient previous speakers. Langue has been and can be researched; langue also is concrete because it is the sign language that agreed collectively. Well, the sign language may be the epitome of conventional writing.

The goal is to find a linguistic system (langue) from the fact that the concrete structure (parole). These teachings became the basis of the structuralist approach. The word structure was first uttered by Jean Piaget : the structure is an order of beings that include integrity , transformation ( dynamic ) and self-regulation ; say " wholeness " because it is not a collection order form alone but because each component of the structure subject to the rules of intrinsic and does not have the presence of freely outside the structure .

Langue can not be separated between the sound and the motion of the mouth. Langue can also be symbols of concrete language; writings are perceived and palpable (especially for tuna bronze). Langue is a system of signs that express ideas. Example: go! In these words, the idea is to want to expel us, send, Well , the word go ! , We can also express the alphabet tuna tuna bronze with bronze, or with symbols or with military markings.

In langue, if the structures (system) change, then it will be chaotic. For example: I eat rice, if I change it to this sentence: I eat rice, apparently the sentence is awkward.

Langue parole may need in order to understand each other; langue and parole need in order to form. In other words, historically, a fact always precedes langue parole. The sound of the word: “Go!" Is parole but it also includes langue as a system of signs and meaning there was no. Langue is present as a whole in the form of a number of strokes in each stored in the brain; something like a dictionary that exemplary identical (copy), which will be divided among individuals. So, langue is something that is on every individual but also knows a lot of people.

Langue is collective: homogeneous, conventional discussion. The formula is: 1 + 1 + 1 + 1.... = 1. That is, words spoken by the people, pronounced the same way by many people, as well as its meaning, all people know the language. Formation langue is also influenced by external factors, such as: occupation (colonizers language affects language colonized). Furthermore langue Saussure found acceptable by passively, without suing langue of which is derived. For example, the word “borrows”: we do not need to know where the word is growing and we do not need to know of the nation (tribe) where it came from. The word “loan” is known to all community languages ​​.

Although we do not know where it came from, yet not hinder us to study it. It must be remembered that the langue changed but the speakers are not likely to change it, or langue closed for interference but open to development.

The signs that make up the langue not object abstraction but a concrete object. Example: tree (concrete, no trunk, we can see) and “tree” is another form language that we speak, we articulate. Being a language only because there is cooperation between signifier and signified. In langue, a concept is the quality of sound like a particular substance is the quality of the concept. Thus, the concept of house, white, see is a part of psychology. The concept only became a form of language when associated with the acoustic image (can be in written form also in the form of sound).

B. Parole

Parole is a speech language, everyday language. In short, parole is the entirety of what is being taught people including the individual constructs that emerged from the choice of speakers, and pronunciation - enunciation required to produce these constructions based on free choice as well. Parole is an individual manifestation of language. So, parole is a dialect. Parole is not a social fact as entirely the product of conscious individuals, including any word uttered by the speakers, and he also is heterogeneous and can not be researched. In parole should be distinguished the following elements.

First, the language code combinations (punctuation) used speakers to express their personal ideas. For example: war, I say, war! This sentence if spoken by the same person, says Saussure, he delivered two different things on the pronunciation ( the first word is pronounced differently war with said second war ) .

Second, psychic - physical mechanism that enables a person expressing such combinations. Parole which makes langue changed: the impressions we perceive when we hear someone else who changed our language habits. So, between langue and parole are interrelated; langue well as tools and products parole. Characteristically individual: all manifestations are heterogeneous and are instantaneous and personal behavior.

Parole can be formulated: (1 ' + 1 + 1 '' '' ' + 1 '' '' .....). That is to say, the same word was spelled different ways, either by the same person or people.

Differences Langue and Parole:

Langue
- Products from the social communities.
- Passive (no change).
- Abstract and derived from the brain, not visible but when released into a product.

Parole
- Individual, varied, and changing.
- Active.
- Concrete.

C.               Langage

Langage is a combination between parole and langue (combined event with the rules of language or grammar, or structure of the language). According to Saussure, langage does not qualify as a social fact because in the langage there are factors of individual language derived from private speakers. Even langage does not have the integrity principle that allows us to examine it scientifically.

Langage is disclosed and includes any constraints that prevent the revealed things are not grammatical. For example, the word “material”, this word is used many social and even as though regarded as conventional language. In fact, the word “material” is not raw, not in accordance with the spelling that has been perfected.

Langage have individual terms (parole) and social aspects (langue) but we can not examine the one without the other. Thus, multi langage has shape and heteroklit , and psychic .

D.               Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic

Syntagmatic can be regarded as a linear part between the elements of the language. This relationship is called in praesentia. In the use of syntagmatic system, most people will consciously (or not) using the rules of the SPO. In the Indonesian language to permit rotation or trackback SPO the extent applicable langue still allow it, meaning syntagmatic I often refer to as vertical meaning.

And complementary syntagmatic is paradigmatic, paradigmatic is the relationship that allows a sign language varies or exchanged because it has associations with other meanings. This relationship is called a relationship in absentia.

Consider the sentences below:

1 2 3 4

a. Amir must study now

This sentence consists of four marks and each has a different position. The sentence above gives the whole notion supported by four earlier marks. Syntagmatic link between the four signs: N + auxelury verb + verb + adverb of playing time or a noun + auxiliary verb + main verb + adverb of time.
Now we arrange the order is as follows:

2 1 3 4

b. Must Amir Study Now

4 3 1 2

c. Now study Amir must

Sentence (b) can be understood by foreigners because there is a link earlier 2-1-3-4 in English langue, a legitimate link. Instead (c) has no 4-3-1-2 in English langue, so the link is not valid. (a) And (b) were consistent with the grammatical English, patterned systematic, while (c) does not fit the pattern of English grammar.
Now we consider again the example as follows:

1 2 3 4

He will go tomorrow

This sentence consists of four marks. Each sign above is a member of the unity of his kind. He is a member of the pronoun unity, will of helpers, and went from verb, adverb of time tomorrow. Every kind word unity parts no linkage with other part of the same entity, meaning that each member entity may occupy a position in the sentence above. This link named paradigmatic link. The sentence was that expressed by this unified type, he will be formulated as:

Pronoun + Auxiliary verb + verb + adverb
He will go tomorrow
1. Now they must write
2. She shall study next week
3. We can swim next month
4. I could work next year
5. You should walk today

After studying two dichotomous above, we have a clear picture of the object of study into a language that linguists. Language turned out to contain things that can be observed, namely parole, and that the underlying langue, and since then the link syntagmatic and paradigmatic language into a highly productive and infinity.

Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations
one dichotomous concepts proposed de Saussure this is one of the concepts need to be understood. Why? Because according to him, the forms of language can be described accurately by examining the relationship paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in language.

Syntagmatic relationship is the relationship between the elements contained in a speech, which is arranged in a sequence. According Kridalaksana, this syntagmatic relationship is linear. For example, in the sentence “I wrote the article," there is a syntagmatic relationship between my writing and the article in the sentence pattern SPO (Subject - Predicate - Object).

While the paradigmatic relationship, according Kridalaksana, is the relationship between the elements of the language in a particular level with the other elements beyond the level that can be exchanged. In the above sentence “I wrote the article “the word” I “can be interchanged with a similar sentence. Because the elements of the word " I " is a noun and living ( animate ) that serves as a subject in the sentence , the word " I " can be interchanged with the word " sister " , " Budi " , or " man " was .

In line with the above abiding, Jakobson appeared with the term “axis “(shaft) which means the relationship. The two- axis is the axis of syntagmatic and paradigmatic axis. It can be said that the syntagmatic axis is the horizontal axis, while the vertical axis is the paradigmatic axis. We can describe the explanation is the picture:

Saussure clarifies his ideas by giving the analogy of a pole building. The pole touch with each other and with other parts of the building (both syntagmatic ) and is associated with other types of poles that can be used or exchanged ( paradigmatic ) . That understanding can be applied in the following example:

Paradigmatic (vertical)	Paradigmatic (vertical)	Paradigmatic (vertical)	——————–
I	wrote	an article	Syntagmatic (horizontal)
Mother	read	the letter	Sintagmatic (horizontal)
You	buy	books	Sintagmatic (horizontal)

REFERENCE

De Saussure, Ferdinand. 1973/1988. Pengantar Linguistik Umum. Terjemahan Cours de Linguistique Generale oleh Rahayu S. Hidayat. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press

De Saussure, Ferdinand. 1986. Course in General Lingustics. Translated by: Roy Harris. Illinois: Open Court.

Barthes, Roland. 2007. Petualangan Semiologi. Diterjemahkan oleh: Stephanus Aswar Herwinarko. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

http://jilaniwarsi.tripod.com/sg.pdf

http://www.ling.uppen.edu/~wlabov/Papers/Foundation.html